In most project delivery models, design and construction are treated as sequential events. The architect conceives. The builder executes. Risk, it is assumed, transfers neatly from one party to the next. In practice, it does not.
What actually happens is this: design decisions made months or years before construction create downstream consequences that a separated team must absorb, price for, or argue about. Gaps in documentation become variation claims. Assumptions about buildability become schedule delays. Misalignments between what was designed and what can be built become cost overruns, and when the pressure lands, it is the design and/or builder that absorbs it.
The cost plan, when built on incomplete information rather than a full understanding of design intent, sets the wrong baseline from the start. What follows is rarely true value engineering, it becomes reactive cost-cutting, stripping out the very elements that give a space its quality and coherence. The architect is handed a number and asked to make it work. The decisions that matter most get sacrificed last, under pressure, with no room to find a smarter path.